Journal: Nature communications

Article Title: PARP3 is a promoter of chromosomal rearrangements and limits G4 DNA.

doi: 10.1038/ncomms15110

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 7 | PARP3 and BLM cooperate to repair DNA DSBs. (a–c) Quantification of IF for 53BP1 (a) and gH2AX (b) at the indicated time points in wild- type (WT) or PARP3 / A549 cells transfected with siRNA targeting control (siCont) or BLM (siBLM). Data are represented as mean±s.e. of three biological replicates. P values calculated using unpaired Student’s t-test. *Po0.05, **Po0.01, ***Po0.001. (c) immunoblot after transfection with siRNA targeting control (Ct) or BLM.

Article Snippet: Equivalent amounts of chromatin were incubated with primary antibody (overnight at 4 C for RPA, CtIP, and BLM and HA, 2 h at 4 C for gH2AX) followed by protein-G magnetic beads (Cell Signaling Technology).

Techniques: Transfection, Control, Western Blot

Journal: Molecular nutrition & food research

Article Title: Heterocyclic Analogs of Sulforaphane Trigger DNA Damage and Impede DNA Repair in Colon Cancer Cells: Interplay of HATs and HDACs

doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201800228

Figure Lengend Snippet: DNA damage response by SFN and structural analogs. A) HCT116 cells were treated with DMSO or 15 μm SFN for 24 h and examined for pH2AX and pRPA32 immuno-fluorescence (arrows); DAPI stained nuclei (blue). Confluent HCT116 cells were treated with DMSO (vehicle), 15 μm SFN, or its analogs (3D, 8D, and 9D), and whole cell lysates were assessed by immunoblotting B) 6 h after treatment with compounds or C) 48 h after treatment, which includes 6 h of treatment followed by compound-free media for 42 h (recovery). D,E) Repeat of experiments in (B) and (C), using HCT116 CtIP knockout cells (HCT116 CtIP–/–), generated via CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Antibodies detected DNA damage signaling (pH2AX and pRPA32), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3), and DNA repair (CtIP). β-actin, loading control. Data are representative of at least three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Samples were incubated with 100 μ L of beads on a rotator at 4 °C for 2 h and acetylated proteins bound to the beads were washed three times with PBST, denatured in standard loading buffer, and examined by immunoblotting with primary antibodies for CtIP (#9201) from Cell Signaling, as described above.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Staining, Western Blot, Knock-Out, Generated, CRISPR, Control

Journal: Molecular nutrition & food research

Article Title: Heterocyclic Analogs of Sulforaphane Trigger DNA Damage and Impede DNA Repair in Colon Cancer Cells: Interplay of HATs and HDACs

doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201800228

Figure Lengend Snippet: HAT and HDAC changes produced by SFN analogs. HCT116 cells were treated with DMSO (vehicle) or 15 μm SFN or its analogs for 6 h and whole cell lysates were examined for A) HDAC activity (top panel) or HDAC protein expression, with β-actin as loading control in the immunoblots (bottom panel). B) Repeat of the experiments in (A), but for HATs. C) Histone H4 acetylation, normalized to histone H4 (top panel) assessed by immunoblotting, and CtIP acetylation changes normalized to CtIP input controls (bottom panel) by immunoprecipitation after Ac-Lys pull-down. D) The ratio of HAT:HDAC activity (from A,B) and the level of histone acetylation (densitometry from C) were plotted for each compound. Data are representative ofthree experiments (*p < 0.05 vs. DMSO). E,F) In HCT116 cells, proximity ligation assays (PLA) identified endogenous interactions ofCtIP:PCAF and CTIP:GCN5 proteins in situ (red dots). DAPI-stained nuclei (blue). Cells were imaged 6 h after treatment with DMSO (vehicle) or analog 8D, and the interactions per nuclei were quantified and averaged across five different microscopic fields. Data = mean ± SE, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 for 8D versus vehicle controls using Student’s t-test. Data are representative of at least three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Samples were incubated with 100 μ L of beads on a rotator at 4 °C for 2 h and acetylated proteins bound to the beads were washed three times with PBST, denatured in standard loading buffer, and examined by immunoblotting with primary antibodies for CtIP (#9201) from Cell Signaling, as described above.

Techniques: Produced, Activity Assay, Expressing, Control, Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation, Ligation, In Situ, Staining

Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: Promoter methylation of DNA damage repair (DDR) genes in human tumor entities: RBBP8 / CtIP is almost exclusively methylated in bladder cancer

doi: 10.1186/s13148-018-0447-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: RBBP8 promoter methylation in bladder cancer of the TCGA data set. a Visualization of the promoter methylation of the RBBP8 gene as a scatterplot. The β values for each sample were jittered around the probe location and plotted as points. The per sample type 90% quantiles of methylation are shown as smoothed lines. The colors represent different sample groups (BLCA, bladder cancer; HNSC, head-neck squamous cell carcinoma). b The Pearson correlation coefficients ( ρ ) for probe pairs in the core region of the promoter are shown as heatmap demonstrating a high degree of correlation between probes ( ρ > 0.7). c The beta values of all probes of the promoter region were summarized by their median value, stratified by the sample as well as tissue type, and visualized as a box plot. For RBBP8 gene loci, a frequent hypermethylation ( β > 0.25 in > 5% of cases) was only observable in 37, 10, and 7% of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), head-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), respectively. d Inverse correlation between RBBP8 methylation (defined CpG gene set) and RBBP8 mRNA expression in primary bladder cancer (BLCA), neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), and lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC) samples of the TCGA data portal. Spearman correlation BLCA: − 0.32, p < 0.001; Spearman correlation HNSC: − 0.04, p = ns; Spearman correlation LUSC: 0.08, p = ns. e Box plot illustrates significant downregulation of RBBP8 methylation in primary tumors featuring increased RBBP8 promoter methylation ( β value > 0.4). Horizontal lines — grouped medians. Boxes — 25 to 75% quartiles. Vertical lines — range, peak, and minimum. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ns: not significant. f Box plot shows RBBP8 methylation in primary tumors classified by intrinsic subtypes. g Kaplan-Meier survival curves display overall survival (OS) of patients with high RBBP8 methylation ( β value > 0.4, dark gray curve) compared to low RBBP8 methylation ( β value ≤ 0.4, gray curve) based on TCGA datasets

Article Snippet: Primary anti-RBBP8 antibody (dilution 1:200) (Atlas Antibodies, HPA039890, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was linked with DAKO EnVisionTMFLEX system and visualized with DAKO Liquid DAB Substrate Chromogen System in a DAKO Autostainer plus (K8024, K3468, DAKO).

Techniques: Methylation, Expressing

Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: Promoter methylation of DNA damage repair (DDR) genes in human tumor entities: RBBP8 / CtIP is almost exclusively methylated in bladder cancer

doi: 10.1186/s13148-018-0447-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinicopathological parameters in relation to RBBP8 promoter methylation of the BLCA TCGA dataset

Article Snippet: Primary anti-RBBP8 antibody (dilution 1:200) (Atlas Antibodies, HPA039890, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was linked with DAKO EnVisionTMFLEX system and visualized with DAKO Liquid DAB Substrate Chromogen System in a DAKO Autostainer plus (K8024, K3468, DAKO).

Techniques: Methylation

Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: Promoter methylation of DNA damage repair (DDR) genes in human tumor entities: RBBP8 / CtIP is almost exclusively methylated in bladder cancer

doi: 10.1186/s13148-018-0447-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Univariate analysis of clinicopathological parameters influencing OS

Article Snippet: Primary anti-RBBP8 antibody (dilution 1:200) (Atlas Antibodies, HPA039890, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was linked with DAKO EnVisionTMFLEX system and visualized with DAKO Liquid DAB Substrate Chromogen System in a DAKO Autostainer plus (K8024, K3468, DAKO).

Techniques: Methylation

Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: Promoter methylation of DNA damage repair (DDR) genes in human tumor entities: RBBP8 / CtIP is almost exclusively methylated in bladder cancer

doi: 10.1186/s13148-018-0447-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: RBBP8 promoter methylation in human cancer cell lines. a Schematic map of the human RBBP8 gene including the relative positions and median β values of 17 CpG sites based on 450K methylation array profiling in bladder cancer (TCGA dataset) within a predicted CpG island (between base − 353 and + 648). Colored boxes present methylation level (mean ß -values for each CpG site) of the TCGA data set. Red, high methylation; blue, low methylation. + 1, RBBP8 transcription start site (TSS) of variant #1. The dots indicating the methylation sites closer to where they are depicted. CpG sites analyzed by MSP (black arrows) were indicated within the upstream promoter region close to the TSS. The relative position of the promoter area analyzed by bisulfite-pyrosequencing that comprises eight single CpG sites (gray dots) is shown as a black line. Orange boxes illustrate gene transcription-relevant regulatory core and ubiquitous elements statistically identified by using Genomatix software ( http://www.genomatix.de/ ). A — core promoter motif ten elements (− 200 to − 179); B — activator protein 2 (− 109 to − 94); C — activator-, mediator-, and TBP-dependent core promoter element for RNA polymerase II transcription from TATA-less promoters (+ 28 to + 39). b Representative MSP results of the RBBP8 promoter methylation status in cell lines of bladder, kidney, colon, lung, prostate, and breast cancer. Bands labeled with U and M reflect unmethylated and methylated DNA, respectively. Bisulfite-converted unmethylated, genomic (U-co), and polymethylated, genomic (M-co) DNA were used as positive controls. NTC, non-template control. c RBBP8 mean methylation values of analyzed CpG sites (1 to 8) using bisulfite-pyrosequencing of bladder cancer cell lines (RT4, RT112, and J82). d RBBP8 mRNA expression in normal urothelial cells (UROtsa) and bladder cancer cell lines (RT4, RT112, J82, and EJ28) arranged in relation to their RBBP8 promoter methylation status. U, unmethylated; M, methylated. Error bars: + s.e.m. e qPCR analysis for RBBP8 mRNA expression after in vitro demethylation analysis demonstrating a clear RBBP8 re-expression after treatment with both DAC (+) and TSA (+) only in RT4 with methylated RBBP8 promoter status (M) whereas in J82 cells without any RBBP8 methylation (U) RBBP8 expression was not further inducible. Non-treated cells served as controls and were set to 1. Error bars: + s.e.m.

Article Snippet: Primary anti-RBBP8 antibody (dilution 1:200) (Atlas Antibodies, HPA039890, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was linked with DAKO EnVisionTMFLEX system and visualized with DAKO Liquid DAB Substrate Chromogen System in a DAKO Autostainer plus (K8024, K3468, DAKO).

Techniques: Methylation, Variant Assay, Software, Labeling, Control, Expressing, In Vitro

Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: Promoter methylation of DNA damage repair (DDR) genes in human tumor entities: RBBP8 / CtIP is almost exclusively methylated in bladder cancer

doi: 10.1186/s13148-018-0447-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of RBBP8 promoter methylation in primary bladder tumors. a Representative MSP analysis shows the RBBP8 promoter methylation status of normal urothelium (NU) and both papillary (Pap) and invasive (Inv) primary bladder cancer tissues. Band labels with U and M represent an unmethylated and methylated DNA locus, respectively bisulfite-converted unmethylated, genomic (U-co) and polymethylated, genomic (M-co) DNA were used as positive controls. NTC: non-template control. b RBBP8 mean methylation values of analyzed CpG sites (1 to 8) of healthy controls and bladder tumors demonstrating tumors-specific hypermethylation. c to d Box plot analysis of RBBP8 methylation in primary bladder tumors is based on mean values of pyrosequenced CpG sites 1–8. c RBBP8 methylation shows no significant differences between the two bladder cancer pathways (papillary and invasive tumors). d Significant enrichment of RBBP8 methylation is demonstrated in high-grade bladder tumors. Horizontal lines—grouped medians. Boxes—25 to 75% quartiles. Vertical lines—range, peak, and minimum; * p < 0.05. Horizontal lines—grouped medians. Boxes—25 to 75% quartiles. Vertical lines—range, peak, and minimum; ns, not significant, * p < 0.05

Article Snippet: Primary anti-RBBP8 antibody (dilution 1:200) (Atlas Antibodies, HPA039890, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was linked with DAKO EnVisionTMFLEX system and visualized with DAKO Liquid DAB Substrate Chromogen System in a DAKO Autostainer plus (K8024, K3468, DAKO).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Methylation, Control

Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: Promoter methylation of DNA damage repair (DDR) genes in human tumor entities: RBBP8 / CtIP is almost exclusively methylated in bladder cancer

doi: 10.1186/s13148-018-0447-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: RBBP8 protein loss in nuclei of bladder tumors. Immunohistochemical RBBP8 protein staining of representative tissues are shown. a Strong RBBP8 immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasm and in the nuclei of a healthy urothelium, Scale bar: 100 μm. b Negative control of urothelial cell layers. The application of primary antibody was omitted. c Strong RBBP8 immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of high grade, invasive tumor cells which completely lack nuclear staining. d Moderate cytoplasmatic and heterogeneously nuclear RBBP8 protein staining in invasive tumor cells. e Low RBBP8 protein expression in the cytoplasm of invasive bladder cancer showing strong RBBP8 staining in the nucleus. f Strong nuclear and cytoplasmic RBBP8 staining in non-invasive, papillary tumor cells. g Box plot demonstrating overall significant loss of RBBP8 protein only in the nucleus of bladder tumors. h Box plot graph illustrates the loss of RBBP8 protein within the nuclei of high-grade invasive bladder tumors. i Box plot shows a significant RBBP8 protein loss in tumors harboring RBBP8 promoter methylation. U, unmethylated; M, methylated. Horizontal lines — grouped medians. Boxes — 25 to 75% quartiles. Vertical lines — range, peak, and minimum; ns, not significant, * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: Primary anti-RBBP8 antibody (dilution 1:200) (Atlas Antibodies, HPA039890, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was linked with DAKO EnVisionTMFLEX system and visualized with DAKO Liquid DAB Substrate Chromogen System in a DAKO Autostainer plus (K8024, K3468, DAKO).

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Negative Control, Expressing, Methylation

Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: Promoter methylation of DNA damage repair (DDR) genes in human tumor entities: RBBP8 / CtIP is almost exclusively methylated in bladder cancer

doi: 10.1186/s13148-018-0447-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinicopathological parameters in relation to nuclear RBBP8 protein expression

Article Snippet: Primary anti-RBBP8 antibody (dilution 1:200) (Atlas Antibodies, HPA039890, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was linked with DAKO EnVisionTMFLEX system and visualized with DAKO Liquid DAB Substrate Chromogen System in a DAKO Autostainer plus (K8024, K3468, DAKO).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Methylation

Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: Promoter methylation of DNA damage repair (DDR) genes in human tumor entities: RBBP8 / CtIP is almost exclusively methylated in bladder cancer

doi: 10.1186/s13148-018-0447-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: RBBP8 promoter methylation is detectable in urines from bladder cancer patients. a Representative MSP analysis shows the RBBP8 promoter methylation status of human urine samples derived from healthy controls (Co) and bladder tumors (Ur-T). Band labels with U and M represent an unmethylated and methylated DNA locus. Bisulfite-converted unmethylated, genomic (U-co), and polymethylated, genomic (M-co) DNA were used as positive controls. NTC, non-template control. b Upper graph: RBBP8 mean methylation values of analyzed CpG sites (1 to 8) in cancerous bladder diseases (BLCA-derived) and two control cohorts (benign: control urines #1 and malignant: control urines #2) using pyrosequencing . Lower heatmap: Differences of RBBP8 methylation between BLCA-derived urines and both control conditions (benign and malignant) highlighting GpG sites (#7 and #8) with the strongest impact for discrimination (see green arrows). c Box plot demonstrating a significant increase of RBBP8 methylation in high-grade bladder tumors. Horizontal lines — grouped medians. Boxes — 25 to 75% quartiles. Vertical lines — range, peak, and minimum; * p < 0.05. d RBBP8 mean methylation values of analyzed CpG sites (1 to 8) of controls classified by diseases . BPH, begin prostate hyperplasia; TGCT, testicular germ cell tumors; PRAD, prostate adenocarcinoma

Article Snippet: Primary anti-RBBP8 antibody (dilution 1:200) (Atlas Antibodies, HPA039890, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was linked with DAKO EnVisionTMFLEX system and visualized with DAKO Liquid DAB Substrate Chromogen System in a DAKO Autostainer plus (K8024, K3468, DAKO).

Techniques: Methylation, Derivative Assay, Control

Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: Promoter methylation of DNA damage repair (DDR) genes in human tumor entities: RBBP8 / CtIP is almost exclusively methylated in bladder cancer

doi: 10.1186/s13148-018-0447-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinicopathological parameters in relation to RBBP8 promoter methylation in BLCA associated urine samples

Article Snippet: Primary anti-RBBP8 antibody (dilution 1:200) (Atlas Antibodies, HPA039890, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was linked with DAKO EnVisionTMFLEX system and visualized with DAKO Liquid DAB Substrate Chromogen System in a DAKO Autostainer plus (K8024, K3468, DAKO).

Techniques: Methylation

Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: Promoter methylation of DNA damage repair (DDR) genes in human tumor entities: RBBP8 / CtIP is almost exclusively methylated in bladder cancer

doi: 10.1186/s13148-018-0447-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biomarker performance of RBBP8 methylation based on a non-invasive approach. a RBBP8 methylation enables significant discrimination of cancerous bladder diseases from two control conditions (benign and malignant) using urine samples. The scatterplot shows the mean methylation values of the CpG sites #7 and #8; ns, not significant; *** p < 0.0001. b to c ROC curve analysis illustrating RBBP8 single-biomarker performance based on all analyzed CpG sites (green curve) and CpG site #7 and #8 (red curve). b ROC curve in benign disease controls. Red curve (CpG #7 and #8): the cutoff value of 1.25% methylation was defined for positive detection of disease; in that case, RBBP8 methylation achieved a specificity of 90.9% and a sensitivity of 51.9%. Area under the curve (AUC) 0.730 (95% CI, 0.616 to 0.844), p = 0.002. c ROC curve in malignant (prostate and testicular cancer) disease controls. Red curve (CpG #7 and #8): the cutoff value of 4.00% methylation was defined for positive detection of disease; in that case, RBBP8 methylation achieved a specificity of 90.2% and a sensitivity of 40.4%. Area under the curve (AUC) 0.686 (95% CI, 0.583 to 0.789), p = 0.001

Article Snippet: Primary anti-RBBP8 antibody (dilution 1:200) (Atlas Antibodies, HPA039890, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was linked with DAKO EnVisionTMFLEX system and visualized with DAKO Liquid DAB Substrate Chromogen System in a DAKO Autostainer plus (K8024, K3468, DAKO).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Methylation, Control

Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: Promoter methylation of DNA damage repair (DDR) genes in human tumor entities: RBBP8 / CtIP is almost exclusively methylated in bladder cancer

doi: 10.1186/s13148-018-0447-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: RBBP8 biomarker performance

Article Snippet: Primary anti-RBBP8 antibody (dilution 1:200) (Atlas Antibodies, HPA039890, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) was linked with DAKO EnVisionTMFLEX system and visualized with DAKO Liquid DAB Substrate Chromogen System in a DAKO Autostainer plus (K8024, K3468, DAKO).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Control

Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

Article Title: Plasma Exosomal miR-17-5p Regulates Macrophage Polarization by Targeting Bcl11b in Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury

doi: 10.2147/JIR.S524742

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the mechanism of miR-17-5p regulation of macrophage polarization. ( A ) Heatmap of DEGs. ( B ) KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs. ( C ) GO enrichment analysis of DEGs. ( D ) The expression of DEGs (Serpina1c, Zfyve9, Gm20708, Cebpb, Cxcr3, Aak1, Kcanb1, Bcl11b, and Bal6) was validated by qRT-PCR. ( E ) RNA-seq–based read counts for corresponding DEGs, indicating consistent expression trends with qRT-PCR results. ( F ) Western blot was employed to measure changes in Bcl11b under miR-17-5p involvement in LPS-induced macrophage polarization. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The membranes were incubated with primary antibodies as follows: Bcl11b (55414-1-AP, 1:1000, Proteintech), IL-1β (A1112, 1:1000, ABCLONAL), IL-6 (21,865-1-AP, 1:1000, Proteintech), TGF-β (19,999-1-AP, 1:1000, Proteintech), YM1 (ab192029, 1:1000, Abcam), CCL24 (22,306-1-AP, 1:1000, Proteintech), and GAPDH (60004-1-Ig, 1: 50000, Proteintech).

Techniques: Sequencing, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, RNA Sequencing, Western Blot

Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

Article Title: Plasma Exosomal miR-17-5p Regulates Macrophage Polarization by Targeting Bcl11b in Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury

doi: 10.2147/JIR.S524742

Figure Lengend Snippet: MiR-17-5p targeted Bcl11b to regulate macrophage polarization and participate in sepsis injury. ( A ) qRT-PCR and Western blot were utilized to assess overexpression effect of Bcl11b. ( B ) ELISA was conducted to measure TNF-α and IL-1β levels in cell supernatant. ( C ) qRT-PCR was employed to measure M1 polarization marker iNOS and the M2 polarization marker Arg-1 levels. ( D ) Flow cytometry was utilized to assess polarization of M1-type macrophages (F4/80+CD86+) and M2-type macrophages (F4/80+CD206+). ( E ) Prediction of the binding sites of miR-17-5p with the 3’UTR of Bcl11b. ( F ) Dual-luciferase assay was utilized to validate interaction between miR-17-5p and 3’UTR of Bcl11b. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The membranes were incubated with primary antibodies as follows: Bcl11b (55414-1-AP, 1:1000, Proteintech), IL-1β (A1112, 1:1000, ABCLONAL), IL-6 (21,865-1-AP, 1:1000, Proteintech), TGF-β (19,999-1-AP, 1:1000, Proteintech), YM1 (ab192029, 1:1000, Abcam), CCL24 (22,306-1-AP, 1:1000, Proteintech), and GAPDH (60004-1-Ig, 1: 50000, Proteintech).

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Over Expression, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Marker, Flow Cytometry, Binding Assay, Luciferase

Journal: Journal of Inflammation Research

Article Title: Plasma Exosomal miR-17-5p Regulates Macrophage Polarization by Targeting Bcl11b in Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury

doi: 10.2147/JIR.S524742

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed mechanism by which plasma-derived exosomal miR-17-5p regulates macrophage polarization during sepsis-induced ALI. Infection triggers the release of EVs into circulation, where miR-17-5p levels are reduced. The downregulation of miR-17-5p leads to the upregulation of its target gene BCL11B in macrophages, which promotes M1 polarization and enhances the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β. This process contributes to aggravated pulmonary inflammation and worsened ALI.

Article Snippet: The membranes were incubated with primary antibodies as follows: Bcl11b (55414-1-AP, 1:1000, Proteintech), IL-1β (A1112, 1:1000, ABCLONAL), IL-6 (21,865-1-AP, 1:1000, Proteintech), TGF-β (19,999-1-AP, 1:1000, Proteintech), YM1 (ab192029, 1:1000, Abcam), CCL24 (22,306-1-AP, 1:1000, Proteintech), and GAPDH (60004-1-Ig, 1: 50000, Proteintech).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Derivative Assay, Infection